Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Raphael

 https://artsandculture.google.com/camera/art-filter?hl=en

https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/leonardo-da-vinci/m04lg6?categoryId=artist&hl=en

The history of manned flight often begins with the 15^th Century drawings by Leonardo da Vinci. He envisioned a machine with flapping wings powered by the human body.

Da Vinci's ornithopter, as it was called, was not built in his lifetime. Ornithopters have been a bit of a technological dead-end. There have been many failed attempts to mimic the flight of birds.

What are 3 things Leonardo da Vinci invented?

Some of his most renown inventions are the flying machine, the parachute and the revolving bridge. Leonardo has also been given credit by historians for many more inventions.

What are 3 interesting facts about da Vinci?

Did you know these facts about one of the most famous painters of the Renaissance?

• He didn't go to school. ...
• He liked to dissect corpses. ...
• His masterpiece was destroyed. ...
• He wrote in reverse. ...
• Bill Gates bought Leonardo da Vinci's notebook.

Helicopter (Aerial Screw)

One of the more famous Leonardo da Vinci inventions, the design for the aerial screw, was made by him during the 1480s. 
The aerial screw was one of the several aerial designs made by Leonardo da Vinci, including an ornithopter, early forms of a parachute, and hang gliders. These are considered to be some of his greatest inventions. The early renditions of Leonardo da Vinci’s flying machine were the part of the manuscript which dates back to 1487 and 1490.
This pen and ink sketch shows an outline of a flying machine with a similar functioning to modern helicopters. It is based on the design of a water screw, but instead of pushing against water, it does the same with air.

Helicopter (Aerial Screw)

Parachute

This was one of Leonardo da Vinci’s best inventions which has even more relevance in today’s time than then. The 15th century was the first time the world saw illustrative sketches of a conical parachute in Vinci’s manuscripts. His design mainly consisted of a linen cloth, sealed on all sides and held open by wooden poles, shaped like a pyramid.
These poles were about seven meters long and were designed with the hope of allowing a man to jump from a great height without them plummeting to death or experiencing any kind of injury. The preliminary stages of the design were sketched in Da Vinci’s notebook in the year 1483.

Parachute

Ornithopters

Flying machines have been an integral part of most of Leonardo da Vinci’s science inventions, and this is no different. He made his first real flight studies during the 1480s, and there were over 200 Leonardo da Vinci inventions drawings that explained his inventions.
The ornithopter flying machine was designed to be an aircraft that could fly just by flapping the wings, much like a bird. Along with that, it also had a sophisticated control system, but this design lost Vinci’s interest in its preliminary stages.
He never built it. However, the design was enough to show Vinci’s imagination power and observation skills. In his notes, he mentioned birds, bats, and kites as his inspiration for the design, and it showed.

Ornithopters

Self-supporting bridge

Another one of Leonardo da Vinci’s famous inventions, the self-supporting bridge, was most probably something he was most famous for.
However, this design was rather simple when compared to some of his other much more complicated ones. Thought in the year 1502, this design has had several implications in how engineers think about bridges in today’s day and age.
The bridge had no fasteners; however, notches were built to cut into the timbers, further adding better security to the overall structure. Such a practical design was also used as the support structure for building the footbridge in Morso, Northern Denmark.

Self-supporting bridge

The Robot

Out of all Leonardo da Vinci’s inventions, this was perhaps the most ingenious and proved what kind of a visionary he was. Better known as Automa Cavaliere, this was the first humanoid automation designed as well as constructed by anyone at the time.
It is believed that Vinci showcased this invention in a celebration that was hosted at the court of Milan in the year 1495. The robot could sit, stand, raise the visor and also independently move its hands, and have an anatomically perfected jaw. 
Since the sketchbook was rediscovered, the robot was built again, solely based on the design of Da Vinci, and found to be fully functional. It was clad in Italian-German medieval armor and could make a number of human movements.

Tank

Undoubtedly one of the first fighting vehicle designs, this was another one of Leo da Vinci’s inventions that were rather revered. This was a concept design and was made while Leo was still under the patronage of Ludovico Sforza in the year 1487.
This mainly represented a conical-covered vehicle that was inspired by a turtle’s shell. The covering was made solely of wood and secured with metal plates, adding to the thickness.
The main motive was that the slanting plates would reflect any enemy fire. The machine was typically powered by two huge cranks that could be functioned with the help of four immensely strong men. This vehicle also came equipped with a set of light cannons located near the perimeter.

Diving suit

Although it is still not clear when the precise time was when Leo invented this, this was by far the most progressive underwater thing Leonardo da Vinci invented at the time.
Evidence shows that he made this invention to have the upper hand against the stronger and more powerful Ottoman Navy. He spent hours making notes of the water properties, such as the tides, the power of waves, and every intricate movement. He then came up with several drawings of diving apparatus.
However, most of Da Vinci’s invention’s sketches consisted of a leather suit along with a facemask and goggles. It also had an inflatable wineskin, allowing the diver to float or sink. He used two hollow cane tubes reinforced with steel rings as breathing tubes.
There are different renditions of the suit. While some show the breathing tubes leading to a pocket of air trapped near the diving bell, others show it attached to a floating disc. There was even a specially made pee pouch with each suit, ensuring that the divers did not have to come up whatsoever.

Diving suit

Machine gun

Leonardo da Vinci’s first invention of an auto-firing weapon was the best thing that had happened to the military since he joined them. It was designed to hold a number of bullets, and once fired, the rest of them would rotate around and get ready to fire again immediately.
The model was also made easy to construct. It was made using plastic and would snap in place without any requirement for glue. However, there were a few shortcomings in Leonardo da Vinci’s invention sketches. This was a rather big instrument to maneuver and would require at least two people to fire.

Machine gun

Anemometer

Leonardo da Vinci’s first invention of an auto-firing weapon was the best thing that had happened to the military since he joined them. It was designed to hold a number of bullets, and once fired, the rest of them would rotate around and get ready to fire again immediately.
The model was also made easy to construct. It was made using plastic and would snap in place without any requirement for glue. However, there were a few shortcomings in Leonardo da Vinci’s invention sketches. This was a rather big instrument to maneuver and would require at least two people to fire.

Anemometer

Undoubtedly the greatest feat in Leonardo da Vinci’s science discoveries; everyone knew how obsessed he was about flying. Leonardo da Vinci’s discovery was an instrument that would allow him to measure the speed of air.
His main goal was to enable people to know the direction and speed of the wind before attempting flight. However, this device was not really invented by him and is considered one of Leonardo da Vinci’s scientific discoveries. However, he did reinvent the design of the device and helped make it more convenient and easy to use.
It had an arched frame, along with a rectangular piece of wood that hanged in the center. This wooden piece was connected to a hinge that would rise when brought in contact with blowing wind. Depending on the scale printed on the frame, you could know the valu

Calculator

There is no denying how important a calculator is nowadays; however, this was also one of Leonardo da Vinci’s engineering inventions. Conceived in 1502, this was a rather complicated invention. You will be able to find all the Da Vinci’s inventions drawings in his sketchbooks that were lost but later discovered in the 1950s. This design is described as a prototype for the modern calculator functionality.

Sun and Energy

 A star is a hot, glowing ball of gas. When you look up in the night sky, you can see countless twinkling stars. Can you see any stars during the daytime? Of course! The light of daytime comes from our closest star: the Sun.

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Explore the Sun! Click and drag to rotate the Sun. Scroll or pinch to zoom in and out. Credit: NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD)

Just how close is the Sun to Earth? Way, way closer than other stars, but still pretty far away. It’s approximately 93 million miles away from Earth. That’s 400 times farther than the distance between Earth and the Moon!

However, it’s a good thing that Earth isn’t too close to the Sun. If we were too close, it would be way too hot to live here. The Sun’s surface is very hot, and its atmosphere is even hotter. And the Sun’s core is the hottest part of all, at a sizzling 27 million degrees Fahrenheit!

Our Sun is about 100 times wider than Earth, but it is just an average sized star. Astronomers have found some stars that are 100 times bigger than the Sun and others that are 10 times smaller.

The Sun is also right in the middle of its lifecycle. Right now, our Sun is in a stage called yellow dwarf. It is about 4.5 billion years old. In another 5 billion years the Sun will become a big, cool star called a red giant. A few billion years after that, it will become a small white dwarf star. It will shrink to around the same size as Earth, but it will weigh 20,000 times more.

Click the above image to expand it. Our Sun is in the middle of its lifecycle. It is a yellow dwarf star. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

But even though our Sun is kind of an ordinary star, there are also a few things that make our Sun quite special. For example…

We can’t live without the Sun!

Life on Earth depends on the Sun. Here are just a few reasons why:

• The Sun’s gravity holds our entire solar system together. Our solar system is even named after the Sun (the Latin word for Sun is “sol”).
• Heat from the Sun makes Earth warm enough to live on.
• Without light from the Sun, there would be no plants or animals—and, therefore, no food and we wouldn’t exist.

Heat and light might be important for life on Earth, but the Sun sends other stuff, too. The Sun sends lots of other energy and small particles toward Earth. Earth’s protective magnetic field and atmosphere shields us from most of the energy and particles. But sometimes a big stream of these particles reaches Earth and interacts with the gases at the outer edge of our atmosphere. This causes streams of light in the sky, called auroras.

Where does the Sun's energy come from?

The Sun's heat influences the environments of all the planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets in our solar system. How does a big ball of hydrogen create all that heat? Learn all about it in this video!

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/menu/play/

(taken from:https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/all-about-the-sun/en/)

Maps and universe-Space-STEM

 

What is the universe?

The universe is everything. It includes all of space, and all the matter and energy that space contains. It even includes time itself and, of course, it includes you.

Earth and the Moon are part of the universe, as are the other planets and their many dozens of moons. Along with asteroids and comets, the planets orbit the Sun. The Sun is one among hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy, and most of those stars have their own planets, known as exoplanets.

The Milky Way is but one of billions of galaxies in the observable universe — all of them, including our own, are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centers. All the stars in all the galaxies and all the other stuff that astronomers can’t even observe are all part of the universe. It is, simply, everything.

Earth is a planet, and it’s in space and part of the universe just like the other planets. It just so happens that things live here and the environment near the surface of this particular planet is hospitable for life as we know it. Earth is a tiny, fragile exception in the cosmos. For humans and the other things living on our planet, practically the entire cosmos is a hostile and merciless environment.

This true-color image shows North and South America as they would appear from space 22,000 miles (35,000 km) above the Earth. The image is a combination of data from two satellites

How old is Earth?

Our planet, Earth, is an oasis not only in space, but in time. It may feel permanent. For nearly two-thirds of the time since the universe began, Earth did not even exist. Nor will it last forever in its current state. 

By studying the radioactive decay of isotopes on Earth and in asteroids, scientists have learned that our planet and the solar system formed around 4.6 billion years ago. The universe, on the other hand, appears to be about 13.8 billion years old.

Only a few hundred years ago, when people began systematically investigating the nature of things, the word “scientist” didn’t even exist (researchers were instead called “natural philosophers” for a time). Since then, our knowledge of the universe has repeatedly leapt forward. It was only about a century ago that astronomers first observed galaxies beyond our own, and only a half-century has passed since humans first began sending spacecraft to other worlds.

 In the early 21st century alone, astronomers discovered thousands of planets around other stars, detected gravitational waves for the first time and produced the first image of a black hole.

 The universe has existed roughly 56,000 times longer than our species has.

https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/historic-timeline/#spitzer-space-telescope-launched

https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/2291/comparison-of-planet-sizes-solar-systems/

https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/965

https://www.adventuresci.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-10-star-chart.pdf https://www.adventuresci.org/starcharts/

https://youtu.be/_O7JAdra26I

https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/The_Solar_System/Planets_op1365097hi

https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Sets/Paxi_animations/(result_type)/videos

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/menu/science-and-technology/

You get to decide how to make your satellite—its all up to you. While you are building your satellite, though, keep in mind that your satellite must have a couple of basic things:

Click on the image to see what a real satellite looks like!

	Container: Your satellite needs some sort of container to hold all of the gizmos together and keep its instruments safe.
	Power Source: You will need something to give your satellite electricity so that it can run all of its high-tech gizmos. Solar panels or fancy batteries are two options.
	Scientific Instruments: This is the why you launched your satellite in the first place! Instruments can take pictures of far away galaxies or planets right here in our Solar System, measure chemicals in Earth's atmosphere, or keep a close eye on our Sun's activity. It's your decision!
	Communication Device: You will need some way to communicate with Earth. Antennas (shaped like dishes or poles and rods) are a good way to do this.
	Orientation Finder: Make sure you have something that lets your satellite know where it's pointed and which way is 'up.' Something that looks at the stars (a star tracker) or the sun (a sun tracker) would work.

Here's Some Examples...

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Non-Edible Satellite 1

• Container: small juice box.
• Power source: battery made from a yellow sponge.
• Instruments: small plastic dish attached with a pick-up stick.
• Communication: Radio dish made with half a styrofoam ball, black construction paper, and a part of a pick-up stick.
• Orientation finder: star tracker made from a screw.
• Held together with: Scotch tape.